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国务院关于严格控制新设行政许可的通知

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-05 16:57:39  浏览:8820   来源:法律资料网
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国务院关于严格控制新设行政许可的通知

国务院


各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院各部委、各直属机构:
  严格行政许可设定,是深化行政审批制度改革、推进政府职能转变的必然要求。为贯彻落实党的十八大有关深化行政审批制度改革的精神和十二届全国人大一次会议审议通过的《国务院机构改革和职能转变方案》,严格控制新设行政许可,切实防止行政许可事项边减边增、明减暗增,现就有关问题通知如下:
  一、严格行政许可设定标准
  行政许可,是行政机关根据公民、法人或其他组织的申请,经依法审查,准予其从事特定活动的行为,是各级行政机关在依法管理经济社会事务过程中对公民、法人或其他组织的活动实行事前控制的一种手段。设定行政许可,对人民群众生产、生活影响很大,必须从严控制。今后起草法律草案、行政法规草案一般不新设行政许可,确需新设的,必须严格遵守行政许可法的规定,严格设定标准。
  (一)对企业不使用政府性资金的投资活动,除重大和限制类固定资产投资项目外,不得设定行政许可。
  (二)对人员能力水平评价的事项,除提供公共服务并且直接关系公共利益,需要具备特殊信誉、特殊条件或特殊技能的职业,确需设定行政许可的外,不得设定行政许可。
  (三)对确需设定企业、个人资质资格的事项,原则上只能设定基础资质资格。
  (四)中介服务机构所代理的事项最终需由行政机关或法律、行政法规授权的组织许可的,对该中介服务机构不得设定行政许可。
  (五)对产品实施行政许可的,除涉及人身健康、生命财产安全的外,不得对生产该产品的企业设定行政许可。
  (六)通过对产品大类设定行政许可能够实现管理目的的,对产品子类不得设定行政许可。确需对产品子类设定行政许可的,实行目录管理。
  (七)法律、行政法规或国务院决定规定对需要取得行政许可的产品、活动实施目录管理的,产品、活动目录的制定、调整应当报经国务院批准。
  (八)法律草案、行政法规草案拟设定的对生产经营活动的行政许可,凡直接面向基层、量大面广或由地方实施更方便有效的,不得规定国务院部门作为行政许可实施机关。
  (九)通过严格执行现有管理手段和措施能够解决的事项,不得设定行政许可。
  (十)通过技术标准、管理规范能够有效管理的事项,不得设定行政许可。
  (十一)对同一事项,由一个行政机关实施行政许可能够解决的,不得设定由其他行政机关实施的行政许可;对可以由一个行政机关在实施行政许可中征求其他行政机关意见解决的事项,不得设定新的行政许可。
  (十二)对同一事项,在一个管理环节设定行政许可能够解决的,不得在多个管理环节分别设定行政许可。
  (十三)通过修改现行法律、行政法规有关行政许可的规定能够解决的事项,不得设定新的行政许可。
  (十四)现行法律已经规定了具体管理手段和措施,但未设定行政许可的,起草执行性或配套的行政法规草案时,不得设定行政许可。
  (十五)行政法规草案为实施法律设定的行政许可作出的具体规定,不得增设行政许可;对行政许可条件作出的具体规定,不得增设违反法律的其他条件。
  (十六)国务院部门规章和规范性文件一律不得设定行政许可,不得以备案、登记、年检、监制、认定、认证、审定等形式变相设定行政许可,不得以非行政许可审批为名变相设定行政许可。
  除法律、行政法规外,对行政机关实施行政许可以及监督检查被许可人从事行政许可事项的活动,一律不得设定收费;不得借实施行政许可变相收费。
  二、规范行政许可设定审查程序
  法律草案、行政法规草案拟设定行政许可的,起草单位和审查机关都要深入调查研究,加强合法性、必要性和合理性审查论证。
  (一)起草单位对拟设定的行政许可,应当采取座谈会、论证会、听证会等多种形式,广泛听取有关组织、企业和公民的意见,同时征求国务院相关部门的意见。
  (二)起草单位向国务院报送法律草案、行政法规草案送审稿及其说明时,应当附拟设定行政许可的论证材料、各方面对拟设定行政许可的意见和意见采纳情况以及其他国家、地区的相关立法资料。
  论证材料应当包括:一是合法性论证材料,重点说明草案拟设定的行政许可符合行政许可法和本通知规定的理由。二是必要性论证材料,重点说明拟设定行政许可的事项属于直接涉及国家安全、公共安全、生态环境安全和生命财产安全,通过市场机制、行业自律、企业和个人自主决定以及其他管理方式不能有效解决问题,以及拟设定的行政许可是解决现有问题或实现行政管理目的有效手段的理由。三是合理性论证材料,重点评估实施该行政许可对经济社会可能产生的影响,说明实施该行政许可的预期效果。
  (三)国务院法制办应当对法律草案、行政法规草案拟设定的行政许可进行严格审查论证。
  对法律草案、行政法规草案拟设定的行政许可,国务院法制办应当征求中央编办、国务院相关部门以及地方人民政府的意见;将法律草案、行政法规草案通过中国政府法制信息网向社会公开征求意见时,公开征求意见的材料应当就拟设定行政许可的理由作重点说明。
  中央编办对起草单位提出的拟设行政许可意见进行审查,对是否确需通过行政许可方式实施管理、是否有其他替代方式、是否符合行政体制改革和职能转变的基本方向、是否符合行政审批制度改革的原则和要求、是否会造成与其他机构的职责交叉等提出审核意见。
  经研究论证,认为拟设定的行政许可不符合行政许可法和本通知的规定或设定理由不充分的,不得设定行政许可。有关情况在法律草案、行政法规草案说明中予以说明,说明与法律草案、行政法规草案一并报国务院审议。
  (四)涉及重大公共利益,需要及时实行行政许可管理的,经国务院常务会议讨论通过后采用发布决定的方式设定;国务院可以根据形势变化决定停止实施该项行政许可,确有必要长期实施的,及时提请全国人大及其常委会制定法律,或者制定行政法规。
  三、加强对设定行政许可的监督
  对已设定的行政许可,要加强跟踪评估、监督管理。
  (一)国务院部门要制定本部门负责实施的行政许可目录并向社会公布,目录要列明行政许可项目、依据、实施机关、程序、条件、期限、收费等情况。行政许可项目发生增加、调整、变更等变化的,要及时更新目录。行政许可目录要报中央编办备案。
  (二)国务院部门要定期对其负责实施的行政许可实施情况进行评价,并将意见报告该行政许可的设定机关。对没有达到预期效果或不适应经济社会发展要求的行政许可,应当及时提出修改或废止建议。
  (三)起草法律、行政法规修订草案,起草单位要对该法律、行政法规设定的行政许可的实施情况进行重点评估,对没有达到预期效果或不适应经济社会发展要求的行政许可,应当提出修改或废止建议。
  (四)国务院有关部门要建立制度、畅通渠道,听取公民、法人或其他组织对其负责实施的行政许可提出的意见和建议。
  (五)国务院法制办要加强对国务院部门规章的备案审查,对设定行政许可、增设行政许可条件,以备案、登记、年检、监制、认定、认证、审定等形式变相设定行政许可,以非行政许可审批名义变相设定行政许可或违法设定行政许可收费的,要按照规定的程序严格处理、坚决纠正。
  (六)对违法设定行政许可、增设行政许可条件,违法实施行政许可,以及不依法履行监督职责或监督不力、造成严重后果的,有关机关要依照行政监察法、行政机关公务员处分条例等法律、行政法规的规定严格追究责任。
  地方人民政府要根据本通知的规定,结合各地实际,提出并执行严格控制新设行政许可的具体措施。地方人民政府、国务院各部门要按照行政许可法和本通知的规定,对规章和规范性文件进行一次全面清理,对违法设定行政许可、增设行政许可条件,以备案、登记、年检、监制、认定、认证、审定等形式变相设定行政许可,以非行政许可审批名义变相设定行政许可,以及违法设定行政许可收费或借实施行政许可变相收费的,要坚决纠正。各省级人民政府、国务院各部门应当于2013年12月底前将清理结果报中央编办。国务院将于2014年适时组织开展一次贯彻本通知情况的督促检查。

                           国务院
                          2013年9月19日
  (此件公开发布)
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ——附加英文版

The National People's Congress


GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE CIVIL LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's
Congress, promulgated by Order No. 37 of the President of the People's
Republic of China on April 12, 1986, and effective as of January 1, 1987)

Contents
Chapter I Basic Principles
Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil
Conduct
Section 2 Guardianship
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm
Households
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social
Organization as Legal Persons
Section 4 Economic Association
Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Section 2 Agency
Chapter V Civil Rights
Section 1 Property Ownership and Related Property Rights
Section 2 Creditors' Rights
Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights
Section 4 Personal Rights
Chapter VI Civil Liability
Section 1 General Stipulations
Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract
Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights
Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability
Chapter VII Limitation of Action
Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I Basic Principles
Article 1
This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual
situation in our country, drawing upon our practical experience in civil
activities, for the purpose of protecting the lawful civil rights and
interests of citizens and legal persons and correctly adjusting civil
relations, so as to meet the needs of the developing socialist
modernization.
Article 2
The Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall adjust property
relationships and personal relationships between civil subjects with equal
status, that is, between citizens, between legal persons and between
citizens and legal persons.
Article 3
Parties to a civil activity shall have equal status.
Article 4
In civil activities, the principles of voluntariness, fairness, making
compensation for equal value, honesty and credibility shall be observed.
Article 5
The lawful civil rights and interests of citizens and legal persons shall
be protected by law; no organization or individual may infringe upon them.
Article 6
Civil activities must be in compliance with the law; where there are no
relevant provisions in the law, they shall be in compliance with state
policies.
Article 7
Civil activities shall have respect for social ethics and shall not harm
the public interest, undermine state economic plans or disrupt social
economic order.
Article 8
The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities
within the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise stipulated by
law.
The stipulations of this Law as regards citizens shall apply to foreigners
and stateless persons within the People's Republic of China, except as
otherwise stipulated by law.

Chapter II Citizen (Natural Person)
Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct.
Article 9
A citizen shall have the capacity for civil rights from birth to death and
shall enjoy civil rights and assume civil obligations in accordance with
the law.
Article 10
All citizens are equal as regards their capacity for civil rights.
Article 11
A citizen aged 18 or over shall be an adult. He shall have full capacity
for civil conduct, may independently engage in civil activities and shall
be called a person with full capacity for civil conduct.
A citizen who has reached the age of 16 but not the age of 18 and whose
main source of income is his own labour shall be regarded as a person with
full capacity for civil conduct.
Article 12
A minor aged 10 or over shall be a person with limited capacity for civil
conduct and may engage in civil activities appropriate to his age and
intellect; in other civil activities, he shall be represented by his agent
ad litem or participate with the consent of his agent ad litem.
A minor under the age of 10 shall be a person having no capacity for civil
conduct and shall be represented in civil activities by his agent ad
litem.
Article 13
A mentally ill person who is unable to account for his own conduct shall
be a person having no capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented
in civil activities by his agent ad litem.
A mentally ill person who is unable to fully account for his own conduct
shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and may engage
in civil activities appropriate to his mental health; in other civil
activities, he shall be represented by his agent ad litem or participate
with the consent of his agent ad litem.
Article 14
The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil
conduct shall be his agent ad litem.
Article 15
The domicile of a citizen shall be the place where his residence is
registered; if his habitual residence is not the same as his domicile, his
habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile.
Section 2 Guardianship
Article 16
The parents of a minor shall be his guardians.
If the parents of a minor are dead or lack the competence to be his
guardian, a person from the following categories who has the competence to
be a guardian shall act as his guardian:
(1) paternal or maternal grandparent;
(2) elder brother or sister; or
(3) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the units of the
minor's parents or from the neighbourhood or village committee in the
place of the minor's residence. In case of a dispute over guardianship,
the units of the minor's parents or the neighbourhood or village committee
in the place of his residence shall appoint a guardian from among the
minor's near relatives. If disagreement over the appointment leads to a
lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first two paragraphs of this article
is available to be the guardian, the units of the minor's parents, the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of the minor's residence
or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 17
A person from the following categories shall act as guardian for a
mentally ill person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct:
(1) spouse;
(2) parent;
(3) adult child;
(4) any other near relative;
(5) any other closely connected relative or friend willing to bear the
responsibility of guardianship and having approval from the unit to which
the mentally ill person belongs or from the neighbourhood or village
committee in the place of his residence. In case of a dispute over
guardianship, the unit to which the mentally ill person belongs or the
neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his residence shall
appoint a guardian from among his near relatives. If disagreement over the
appointment leads to a lawsuit, the people's court shall make a ruling.
If none of the persons listed in the first paragraph of this article is
available to be the guardian, the unit to which the mentally ill person
belongs, the neighbourhood or village committee in the place of his
residence or the civil affairs department shall act as his guardian.
Article 18
A guardian shall fulfil his duty of guardianship and protect the person,
property and other lawful rights and interests of his ward. A guardian
shall not handle the property of his ward unless it is in the ward's
interests.
A guardian's rights to fulfil his guardianship in accordance with the law
shall be protected by law.
If a guardian does not fulfil his duties as guardian or infringes upon the
lawful rights and interests of his ward, he shall be held responsible; if
a guardian causes any property loss for his ward, he shall compensate for
such loss. The people's court may disqualify a guardian based on the
application of a concerned party or unit.
Article 19
A person who shares interests with a mental patient may apply to a
people's court for a declaration that the mental patient is a person
without or with limited capacity for civil conduct.
With the recovery of the health of a person who has been declared by a
people's court to be without or with limited capacity for civil conduct,
and upon his own application or that of an interested person, the people's
court may declare him to be a person with limited or full capacity for
civil conduct.
Section 3 Declarations of Missing Persons and Death
Article 20
If a citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested
person may apply to a people's court for a declaration of the citizen as
missing.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 21
A missing person's property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse,
parents, adult children or other closely connected relatives or friends.
In case of a dispute over custody, if the persons stipulated above are
unavailable or are incapable of taking such custody, the property shall be
placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people's court. Any
taxes, debts and other unpaid expenses owed by a missing person shall
defrayed by the custodian out of the missing person's property.
Article 22
In the event that a person who has been declared missing reappears or his
whereabouts are ascertained, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
missing-person status.
Article 23
Under either of the following circumstances, an interested person may
apply to the people's court for a declaration of a citizen's death:
(1) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for four years or
(2) if the citizen's whereabouts have been unknown for two years after the
date of an accident in which he was involved.
If a person's whereabouts become unknown during a war, the calculation of
the time period in which his whereabouts are unknown shall begin on the
final day of the war.
Article 24
In the event that a person who has been declared dead reappears or it is
ascertained that he is alive, the people's court shall, upon his own
application or that of an interested person, revoke the declaration of his
death.
Any civil juristic acts performed by a person with capacity for civil
conduct during the period in which he has been declared dead shall be
valid.
Article 25
A person shall have the right to request the return of his property, if
the declaration of his death has been revoked. Any citizen or organization
that has obtained such property in accordance with the Law of Succession
shall return the original items or make appropriate compensation if the
original items no longer exist.
Section 4 Individual Businesses and Leaseholding Farm Households
Article 26
"Individual businesses" refers to business run by individual citizens who
have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or
commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual
business may adopt a shop name.
Article 27
"Leaseholding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective
economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract
and within the spheres permitted by law.
Article 28
The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and
leaseholding farm households shall be protected by law.
Article 29
The debts of an individual business or a leaseholding farm household shall
be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by
an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated
by a family.
Section 5 Individual Partnership
Article 30
"Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a
business and working together, with each providing funds, material
objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.
Article 31
Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to
provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the
entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership
and other such matters.
Article 32
The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified
management and use. The property accumulated in a partnership operation
shall belong to all the partners.
Article 33
An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and
registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations
within the range as approved and registered.
Article 34
The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided
jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and
supervise those activities. The partners may elect a responsible person.
All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of
the responsible person and other personnel.
Article 35
A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in
proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or
according to the agreement made. Partners shall undertake joint liability
for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any
partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the
right to claim compensation from the other partners.

Chapter III Legal Persons
Section 1 General Stipulations
Article 36
A legal person shall be an organization that has capacity for civil rights
and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and
assumes civil obligations in accordance with the law.
A legal person's capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct
shall begin when the legal person is established and shall end when the
legal person terminates.
Article 37
A legal person shall have the following qualifications:
(1) establishment in accordance with the law;
(2) possession of the necessary property or funds;
(3) possession of its own name, organization and premises; and
(4) ability to independently bear civil liability.
Article 38
In accordance with the law or the articles of association of the legal
person, the responsible person who acts on behalf of the legal person in
exercising its functions and powers shall be its legal representative.
Article 39
A legal person's domicile shall be the place where its main administrative
office is located.
Article 40
When a legal person terminates, it shall go into liquidation in accordance
with the law and discontinue all other activities.
Section 2 Enterprise as Legal Person
Article 41
An enterprise owned by the whole people or under collective ownership
shall be qualified as a legal person when it has sufficient funds as
stipulated by the state; has articles of association, an organization and
premises; has the ability to independently bear civil liability; and has
been approved and registered by the competent authority. A Chinese-
foreign equity joint venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or
foreign-capital enterprise established within the People's Republic of
China shall be qualified as a legal person in China if it has the
qualifications of a legal person and has been approved and registered by
the administrative agency for industry and commerce in according with the
law.
Article 42
An enterprise as legal person shall conduct operations within the range
approved and registered.
Article 43
An enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability for the
operational activities of its legal representatives and other personnel.
Article 44
If an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged or undergoes any
other important change, it shall register the change with the registration
authority and publicly announce it.
When an enterprise as legal person is divided or merged, its rights and
obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the new legal person that
results from the change.
Article 45
An enterprise as legal person shall terminate for any of the following
reasons:
(1) if it is dissolved by law;
(2) if it is disbanded;
(3) if it is declared bankrupt in accordance with the law; or
(4) for other reasons.
Article 46
When an enterprise as legal person terminates, it shall cancel its
registration with the registration authority and publicly announce the
termination.
Article 47
When an enterprise as legal person is disbanded, it shall establish a
liquidation organization and go into liquidation. When an enterprise as
legal person is dissolved or is declared bankrupt, the competent authority
or a people's court shall organize the organs and personnel concerned to
establish a liquidation organization to liquidate the enterprise.
Article 48
An enterprise owned by the whole people, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property that the state authorizes it to manage. An
enterprise under collective ownership, as legal person, shall bear civil
liability with the property it owns. A Chinese-foreign equity joint
venture, Chinese-foreign contractual joint venture or foreign-capital
enterprise as legal person shall bear civil liability with the property it
owns, except as stipulated otherwise by law.
Article 49
Under any of the following circumstances, an enterprise as legal person
shall bear liability, its legal representative may additionally be given
administrative sanctions and fined and, if the offence constitutes a
crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with
the law:
(1) conducting illegal operations beyond the range approved and registered
by the registration authority;
(2) concealing facts from the registration and tax authorities and
practising fraud;
(3) secretly withdrawing funds or hiding property to evade repayment of
debts;
(4) disposing of property without authorization after the enterprise is
dissolved, disbanded or declared bankrupt;
(5) failing to apply for registration and make a public announcement
promptly when the enterprise undergoes a change or terminates, thus
causing interested persons to suffer heavy losses;
(6) engaging in other activities prohibited by law, damaging the interests
of the state or the public interest.
Section 3 Official Organ, Institution and Social Organization as Legal
Person
Article 50
An independently funded official organ shall be qualified as a legal
person on the day it is established.
If according to law an institution or social organization having the
qualifications of a legal person needs not go through the procedures for
registering as a legal person, it shall be qualified as a legal person on
the day it is established; if according to law it does need to go through
the registration procedures, it shall be qualified as a legal person after
being approved and registered.
Section 4 Economic Association
Article 51
If a new economic entity is formed by enterprises or an enterprise and an
institution that engage in economic association and it independently bears
civil liability and has the qualifications of a legal person, the new
entity shall be qualified as a legal person after being approved and
registered by the competent authority.
Article 52
If the enterprises or an enterprise and an institution that engage in
economic association conduct joint operation but do not have the
qualifications of a legal person, each party to the association shall, in
proportion to its respective contribution to the investment or according
to the agreement made, bear civil liability with the property each party
owns or manages. If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement,
the parties shall assume joint liability.
Article 53
If the contract for economic association of enterprises or of an
enterprise and an institution specifies that each party shall conduct
operations independently, it shall stipulate the rights and obligations of
each party, and each party shall bear civil liability separately.

Chapter IV Civil Juristic Acts and Agency
Section 1 Civil Juristic Acts
Article 54
A civil juristic act shall be the lawful act of a citizen or legal person
to establish, change or terminate civil rights and obligations.
Article 55
A civil juristic act shall meet the following requirements:
(1) the actor has relevant capacity for civil conduct;
(2) the intention expressed is genuine; and
(3) the act does not violate the law or the public interest.
Article 56
A civil juristic act may be in written, oral or other form. If the law
stipulates that a particular form be adopted, such stipulation shall be
observed.
Article 57
A civil juristic act shall be legally binding once it is instituted. The
actor shall not alter or rescind his act except in accordance with the law
or with the other party's consent.
Article 58
Civil acts in the following categories shall be null and void:
(1) those performed by a person without capacity for civil conduct;
(2) those that according to law may not be independently performed by a
person with limited capacity for civil conduct;
(3) those performed by a person against his true intentions as a result of
cheating, coercion or exploitation of his unfavourable position by the
other party;
(4) those that performed through malicious collusion are detrimental to
the interest of the state, a collective or a third party;
(5) those that violate the law or the public interest;
(6) economic contracts that violate the state's mandatory plans; and
(7) those that performed under the guise of legitimate acts conceal
illegitimate purposes. Civil acts that are null and void shall not be
legally binding from the very beginning.
Article 59
A party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration
agency to alter or rescind the following civil acts:
(1) those performed by an actor who seriously misunderstood the contents
of the acts;
(2) those that are obviously unfair.
Rescinded civil acts shall be null and void from the very beginning.
Article 60
If part of a civil act is null and void, it shall not affect the validity
of other parts.
Article 61
After a civil act has been determined to be null and void or has been
rescinded, the party who acquired property as a result of the act shall
return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party shall
compensate the other party for the losses it suffered as a result of the
act; if both sides are in error, they shall each bear their proper share
of the responsibility.
If the two sides have conspired maliciously and performed a civil act that
is detrimental to the interests of the state, a collective or a third
party, the property that they thus obtained shall be recovered and turned
over to the state or the collective, or returned to the third party.
Article 62
A civil juristic act may have conditions attached to it. Conditional civil
juristic acts shall take effect when the relevant conditions are met.
Section 2 Agency
Article 63
Citizens and legal persons may perform civil juristic acts through agents
An agent shall perform civil juristic acts in the principal's name within
the scope of the power of agency. The principal shall bear civil liability
for the agent's acts of agency. Civil juristic acts that should be
performed by the principal himself, pursuant to legal provisions or the
agreement between the two parties, shall not be entrusted to an agent.
Article 64
Agency shall include entrusted agency, statutory agency and appointed
agency. An entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as
entrusted by the principal; a statutory agent shall exercise the power of
agency as prescribed by law; and an appointed agent shall exercise the
power of agency as designated by a people's court or the appointing unit.
Article 65
A civil juristic act may be entrusted to an agent in writing or orally. If
legal provisions require the entrustment to be written, it shall be
effected in writing. Where the entrustment of agency is in writing, the
power of attorney shall clearly state the agent's name, the entrusted
tasks and the scope and duration of the power of agency, and it shall be
signed or sealed by the principal.
If the power of attorney is not clear as to the authority conferred, the
principal shall bear civil liability towards the third party, and the
agent shall be held jointly liable.
Article 66
The principal shall bear civil liability for an act performed by an actor
with no power of agency, beyond the scope of his power of agency or after
his power of agency has expired, only if he recognizes the act
retroactively. If the act is not so recognized, the performer shall bear
civil liability for it. If a principal is aware that a civil act is being
executed in his name but fails to repudiate it, his consent shall be
deemed to have been given.
An agent shall bear civil liability if he fails to perform his duties and
thus causes damage to the principal.
If an agent and a third party in collusion harm the principal's interests,
the agent and the third party shall be held jointly liable.
If a third party is aware that an actor has no power of agency, is
overstepping his power of agency, or his power of agency has expired and
yet joins him in a civil act and thus brings damage to other people, the
third party and the actor shall be held jointly liable.
Article 67
If an agent is aware that the matters entrusted are illegal but still
carries them out, or if a principal is aware that his agent's acts are
illegal but fails to object to them, the principal and the agent shall be
held jointly liable.
Article 68
If in the principal's interests an entrusted agent needs to transfer the

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教育部、新闻出版总署关于进一步推进高校出版社改革与发展的意见

教育部 新闻出版总署


教育部 新闻出版总署关于进一步推进高校出版社改革与发展的意见

教社科〔2008〕6号


有关省、自治区、直辖市教育厅(教委)、新闻出版局,有关高等学校:
  为贯彻落实党的十七大关于推动社会主义文化大发展大繁荣的精神,充分发挥高校出版社在科教兴国战略中的重要作用,提高高校出版社的整体实力与竞争力,开创高校出版社工作新局面,现就进一步推进高校出版社的改革与发展提出如下意见:
  一、明确高校出版社的定位、指导思想和主要任务
  1.高校出版社是我国社会主义教育事业和出版事业的重要组成部分,是先进文化生产力的重要方面军,是建设社会主义精神文明的重要阵地,是实现科教兴国战略、推动高等教育事业发展的重要力量。高校出版社在传播先进文化,传递知识信息,促进教书育人,培养和造就德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人等方面具有重要的作用。
  2.高校出版社要高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,深入贯彻落实科学发展观,坚持为人民服务,为社会主义服务的方向,坚持百花齐放、百家争鸣的方针,坚持解放思想,实事求是,与时俱进,坚持服务教育、服务社会、繁荣学术、培育人才的办社宗旨,坚持把社会效益放在首位,实现社会效益和经济效益统一的原则,坚持依托高校、面向市场,坚持深化改革、开拓创新,坚持突出主业、科学发展。
  3.高校出版社要努力承担积累传承文化,推动社会发展进步的历史责任。要做好高等教育、基础教育、职业教育和继续教育等需要的各类教材和教学用书的出版工作,在出版物数量、出版物质量、出版物结构和出版物载体等各方面满足各级各类学校教育教学的需要。要出版研究和解决我国经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设中重大问题的学术著作,促进我国哲学社会科学及自然科学研究的繁荣和发展。要以出版高质量的教材和学术著作,推进高等学校的教学科研和学科建设,提高高等学校学术水平和教师队伍素质,促进高等学校人才培养、科学研究和社会服务等功能的实现。为提高全民族思想道德素质和科学文化素质提供更多的精神产品。
  二、推进高校出版社健康发展
  4.建设符合我国教育事业发展需要的学科门类齐全、地域布局合理、具备多种出版权、协调发展的具有中国特色的高校出版体系,逐步形成多层次的高校出版格局。努力创建国际知名、国内一流的高校出版社,这类出版社应具有一定数量的原创性、奠基性、前沿性、并在国内外有较大影响的一流出版物,拥有一流的作者和编辑队伍,具备一流的综合出版能力和雄厚的经济实力,具有一流的现代化出版手段和一流的社会服务水平,建有科学高效的运行机制和管理体系。建设一批拥有自主知识产权的知名品牌、有一定市场竞争力和国际影响力、大而强的出版企业;建设一批专业特色强,学术水平高,在相关专业出版领域中有较大影响的小而精的专业出版企业。
  5.制订高校出版社的发展规划。各高校要按照我国高校出版社的发展格局和本校的发展规划,对本校出版社进行准确、科学的定位,确定发展目标、发展思路和措施。各高校都要将出版社建设成与本校办学水平相匹配的高校出版社。具有多种出版权的高校可整合出版资源,优势互补,形成相对优势,提高出版产业集中度。各高校出版社要转变发展方式,创新发展机制,增强发展动力,提高发展质量,做到既有较快的增长速度,又注重提高增长的质量和效益,提高人均产值和人均效益;根据市场化、产业化和社会化的要求,进一步优化出版社内部机构,优化产品结构;全面提高综合实力、市场竞争能力和抗风险能力,提升高校出版产业水平。
  6.增强高校出版社的自主创新能力,形成优秀原创出版物生产的长效机制。高校出版社要大力提高原始创新能力、集成创新能力和引进消化吸收再创新能力。要牢固树立“发挥优势、突出特色、塑造品牌”的出版理念,规划和实施“品牌工程”,形成系列化、多层次、多学科、多媒体、有一定市场竞争力的精品出版物群;形成反映各出版社特色和优势的精品系列,树立高校出版社的整体品牌形象;通过品牌的培育和制作,形成精品生产的长效机制。
  7.推进高校出版社的数字化和网络化进程。高校出版社要积极利用数字技术改造传统出版的生产、管理和传播方式,积极参与建设数字出版综合业务平台。重视新型媒体的开发和应用,推动传统出版形式与现代出版形式的互动融合,鼓励以互联网、移动通讯网和数字电视为载体的图书、音像制品、电子出版物和期刊等数字产品的开发、制作、出版和销售。鼓励开展基于网络的多种出版发行活动。
  8.拓展高校出版社的国际交流。高校出版社要大力实施“走出去”战略,不断加大对外出版交流,扩大自主版权的输出,推广我国优秀的传统文化和高水平的学术研究成果;要采取多种形式,积极组织创作、翻译、出版一批国际市场需要的高质量出版物,占领和拓展海外市场;要积极稳妥地引进我国教育需要的各类教材和教学用书,以及国外先进科学文化等方面的出版物。支持和鼓励有竞争实力的高校出版社在境外设立出版机构,开展出版活动。
  9.营造高校出版社健康发展的良好环境。要合理配置高校出版资源,允许和鼓励出版资源向专业特色突出、市场化程度高、综合实力强的高校出版社集中和流动。积极支持信誉良好、经济实力强的高校出版社跨地区、跨媒体经营,通过联合、兼并、重组等提高高校出版产业的集中度。研究和解决影响高校出版社发展中出现的问题,会同有关部门制定符合高校出版社发展实际的经济政策,为高校出版社创造良好的经济发展环境。高校要建立有利于高校出版社发展的体制模式,为其创造宽松的发展环境,在人力、物力和财力等方面给予必要的支持。各高校应将出版社的经济收益主要用于出版社的自身建设和再生产,以及教材、学术著作的出版补贴。进一步加强中国大学出版社协会的建设,充分发挥其桥梁与纽带的作用,提高其服务和协调的能力,促进高校出版社的整体发展。
  三、深化高校出版社体制改革
  10.明确体制改革的总体要求。高校出版社的体制改革要有利于坚持办社宗旨,有利于发挥高校出版工作者的积极性,有利于高校出版社增强活力、壮大实力、提高竞争力。高校出版社的体制改革要符合高校出版社的发展规律,着力解决制约发展的深层次矛盾和问题,全面推进体制机制创新,解放和发展文化生产力,推动形成有利于出精品、出人才、出效益的出版发展环境。
  11.建设具有中国特色的高校出版体制。高校出版社的体制以企业体制为主,极少数高校出版社可以保留事业体制。转为企业的出版社要创新体制,转换机制,面向市场,增强活力,出版多类别、多层次、多媒体教材,满足学习型社会和终身教育需求,不断提高经营能力和市场竞争力。极少数实行事业体制的出版社要在确保学校扶持基础上,根据国家有关规定规范运营,转换机制,增强活力,改善服务,出版面向校内和特定行业所需出版物。
  12.规范高校出版社的转制。转制为企业的高校出版社是国有一人独资公司。高校是其出版社的主办方。学校或学校资产经营有限公司是出版社的出资人,出版社的资产由学校资产管理委员会进行管理与监督。学校要按照现代企业制度的要求,进一步完善产权制度,明确出资人权利,建立资产经营责任制;切实加强对出版社经营方向、资产配置、重大决策、重要干部的管理和监督;要确保国有资产安全, 防止国有资产流失。转制为企业的高校出版社要建立科学合理的法人治理结构,采用适应市场需求、调控有力的经营管理模式,实行企业财务、税收、社会保障和劳动人事制度,成为自主经营、自负盈亏、自我约束、自我发展的市场主体。一些实力和竞争力较强的高校出版社可逐步建立以内涵式发展为主的专业出版集团。
  13.深化高校出版社内部改革。进一步推进出版社劳动人事、收入分配和社会保障等方面的改革。高校出版社须实行全员聘用(聘任)制度,按需设岗,公开招聘,择优聘用,严格考核。出版社须与受聘人员签订聘任合同。高校要积极探索和大胆尝试符合出版行业规律和高校出版社发展特点的薪酬制度和激励机制,要结合本校的实际及出版社的经济效益,确定出版社主要领导的薪酬;按照效率优先、兼顾公平和生产要素参与分配的原则,确定以岗位绩效工资为主要内容的出版社整体的工资制度和分配方式。
  四、完善高校出版社管理
  14.建立健全主管主办负责制和属地管理相结合的高校出版管理体制。遵循党委领导、政府管理、行业自律、企事业单位依法运营的原则,进一步完善主管主办责任制和属地管理相结合的管理体制。教育部负责对高校出版社进行宏观指导和宏观管理。新闻出版总署对高校出版社实施行业管理和市场监管。高等学校承担主办单位的管理职责。
  15.加强对高校出版社的管理和指导。各地新闻出版行政部门对本行政区域内高校出版社履行属地管理职责,要把对高校出版社的管理纳入到出版行政管理的范围。各省(区、市)教育行政部门要对高校出版社加强指导和监督;随时掌握和研究高校出版社出版物的总量、结构、质量和效益,督促出版社优化结构,提高质量,增加效益;要定期研究高校出版动向,引导高校出版社健康发展;要协调和配合学校、属地出版行政部门加强对高校出版社的管理。
  16.明确高校对其出版社的管理职责。高校要督促出版社认真贯彻执行党的路线、方针和政策,遵守国家的法律和有关规定,保证出版社坚持正确的办社宗旨和出版导向。学校应选拔政治责任心强,思想素质高,熟悉出版工作,遵纪守法,善经营、会管理的人担任高校出版社的主要负责人,并保持相对稳定。学校要通过有效的管理方式,掌控出版社重大事项的决策权、资产配置的控制权、对主要领导干部的任免权和出版物内容的终审权,切实负起国有资产保值增值的监管责任。
  17.建立健全高校出版社内部管理机制,提高管理水平。高校出版社必须严格遵守国家有关法律法规和政策,遵守各项出版管理规定,依法从事出版活动;要建立和完善各项内部管理制度,并把各项管理规定落实到出版的各个环节,保证正确的出版导向、出版物的高品位和高质量;要提高出版社出版管理的自动化水平和能力,掌握现代科学技术,运用现代信息技术成果,加快高校出版社管理的数字化和网络化进程。
  五、加强高校出版社队伍建设
  18.建立合格的高校出版社队伍。高校出版社队伍是我国社会主义先进文化的重要建设者之一。高校出版社要适应出版业快速发展的要求,不断提高高校出版从业人员的业务水平。高校出版社队伍要牢固树立政治意识、大局意识和责任意识,不断增强政治敏锐性,提高政治鉴别力,自觉树立马克思主义新闻出版观、良好的职业精神和职业道德。
  19.建立高校出版从业者准入、退出制度。高校出版社的主要负责人必须参加新闻出版行政部门组织的岗位培训,持证上岗;一般从业人员应具备国家规定的新闻出版职业资格条件。对失职渎职、违规违纪、造成重大经济损失的人员要坚决予以清理。
  20.建立健全高校出版社队伍建设机制。高校要切实重视出版社领导班子的建设,组建一个各有所长、凝聚力强、善于科学决策、团结协作的领导班子;要在高校出版社中探索和逐步实行职业经理人制度,确保高校出版社领导的专业性、职业性和稳定性;要建立出版社人才选拔培养的机制,为出版社培养更多优秀的高级复合型管理人才。加强高校出版人力资源能力建设,实施人才培养工程,加强出版社经营管理、专业技术和版权贸易等各方面专业人才队伍的建设,努力建设一支高水平、高素质的职业化出版队伍,为高校出版社可持续发展提供有力的保障。  
                         中华人民共和国教育部
                       中华人民共和国新闻出版总署
                        二○○八年十二月二十九日


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